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Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds01:29

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

3.8K
Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...
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Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia02:10

Reduction of Alkynes to trans-Alkenes: Sodium in Liquid Ammonia

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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
When dissolved in liquid ammonia, an alkali metal,...
9.3K
Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles01:13

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Amides and Nitriles

2.5K
Nitriles can be reduced to primary amines using reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride or catalytic hydrogenation. The reduction introduces an amino group with an extra carbon in the skeleton. Nitriles are formed from the reaction between alkyl halides and sodium cyanide through the SN2 mechanism. Primary alkyl halides are the preferred substrates to prepare nitriles.
Amides can be reduced to primary, secondary, and tertiary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, active metals like Fe,...
2.5K
Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones01:38

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

2.9K
Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.
2.9K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism01:37

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Mechanism

3.9K
Nitrous acid is a relatively weak and unstable acid prepared in situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite and cold, dilute hydrochloric acid. In an acidic solution, the nitrous acid undergoes protonation when it loses water to form a nitrosonium ion—an electrophile. Nitrous acid reacts with primary amines to give diazonium salts. The reaction is called diazotization of primary amines.
3.9K
1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview01:26

1° Amines to Diazonium or Aryldiazonium Salts: Diazotization with NaNO2 Overview

3.3K
Nitrous acid and nitric acids are two types of acids containing nitrogen, among which nitrous acid is weaker than nitric acid. Nitrous acid with a pKa value of 3.37 ionizes in water to give a nitrite ion and the hydronium ion.
The nitrous acid is unstable. Hence, it is formed in situ from a solution of sodium nitrite and cold aqueous acids such as hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. In an acidic solution, the –OH group of nitrous acid undergoes protonation to give oxonium ion, followed by...
3.3K

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An Amorphization-Engineered Catalyst for Electrocatalytic Reduction of Nitric Oxide to Ammonia.

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Ampere-Level Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia over Monodispersed Bi-Doped FeS<sub>2</sub>.

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Updated: Jul 25, 2025

Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production
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Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Supported on Carbon Nanotube with Doped Co and N Atoms and its Catalytic Applications in Hydrogen Production

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Atomically Mo-Doped SnO2-x for efficient nitrate electroreduction to ammonia.

Guike Zhang1, Nana Zhang1, Kai Chen1

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China.

Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
|June 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Atomically Mo-doped SnO2-x efficiently converts nitrate (NO3-) to ammonia (NH3) via electrochemical reduction. This novel catalyst achieves 95.5% NH3-Faradaic efficiency, offering a dual solution for nitrate pollution and ammonia production.

Keywords:
Electrochemical NO(3)(–)-to-NH(3) reductionTheoretical simulationsVacancy engineering, Heteroatom doping

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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques
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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Nitrate (NO3-) contamination poses environmental risks.
  • Ammonia (NH3) is a vital industrial chemical.
  • Electrochemical nitrate reduction (NO3RR) offers a sustainable pathway for simultaneous remediation and synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a highly efficient catalyst for electrochemical NO3RR.
  • To investigate the catalytic mechanism of NO3RR.
  • To address the need for advanced NO3RR catalysts.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of atomically Mo-doped SnO2-x with oxygen vacancies (Mo-SnO2-x).
  • Electrochemical evaluation of Mo-SnO2-x for NO3RR.
  • Experimental and theoretical investigations (e.g., DFT calculations).

Main Results:

  • Mo-SnO2-x achieved a record NH3-Faradaic efficiency of 95.5%.
  • The catalyst exhibited an NH3 yield rate of 5.3 mg h-1 cm-2 at -0.7 V (vs. RHE).
  • Synergistic effects of Mo-Sn pairs and oxygen vacancies were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Atomically Mo-doped SnO2-x is a superior catalyst for NO3RR.
  • The catalyst enhances electron transfer and lowers the activation energy for key reaction steps.
  • This work provides a promising strategy for efficient nitrate remediation and ammonia synthesis.