Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Activators to Treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and associated LUTS

This review summarises the presentations during a workshop session entitled "The Use of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase Activators to Treat Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia, Obstruction and Fibrosis - Mechanistic Concepts and Clinical Implications" at the International Continence Society (ICS) 2021 Melbourne Virtual meeting. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a highly prevalent condition that can result in bladder outflow obstruction (BOO) and development of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), and by 80 years of age is present in about 75% of men. Current pharmacological therapies include α-adrenoceptor antagonists, 5α-reductase inhibitors, and the phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor, tadalafil. The efficacy of tadalafil suggests a role for nitric oxide (NO•) through activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) and production of cyclic guanosine 3'5'-monophosphate (cGMP), a cyclic nucleotide that relaxes smooth muscle, reduces neurotransmitter release and also acts as an antifibrotic agent. Patient refractoriness to tadalafil may be, for example, due to sGC inactivation due to oxidative stress. The workshop discussed the superiority of cinaciguat, an sGC activator that functions even when the enzyme is oxidised, over PDE5 inhibitors, and potentially its use in combination with agents that reduce formation of reactive oxygen species.