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Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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The kidneys concentrate or dilute urine to maintain water and electrolyte balance. Nephrons, particularly the loop of Henle, play a crucial role in this process through the countercurrent multiplication system. This system establishes a high osmolarity in the renal medulla, which is essential for water reabsorption. In the loop of Henle’s descending limb, water is reabsorbed into the surrounding medulla due to its permeability to water. In contrast, the ascending limb actively transports...
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Uroflowmetry is a non-invasive urodynamic test designed to measure various aspects of urination, including volume, flow rate, and the time to void. This test is crucial for diagnosing and assessing conditions such as bladder outlet obstruction, bladder dysfunction, incomplete bladder emptying, incontinence, and urinary tract blockages caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and urethral strictures.Pre-Test Instructions:Before a uroflowmetry test, patients are typically advised to drink...
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A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
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The human urogenital system, once thought to be sterile in healthy individuals, is now recognized as a complex microbial habitat. Advancements in molecular sequencing techniques have revealed that even in healthy adults, the kidneys and bladder harbor microbial populations similar to those found in the distal urethra, albeit in much lower abundance. These resident microorganisms, while generally innocuous, can become opportunistic pathogens under conditions that alter the urogenital...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Symptoms and subtypes of patients with lower urinary tract dysfunction - insights from the Symptoms of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction Research Network.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 27, 2026

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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Lessons learned from conducting a multi-center lower urinary tract physiology study: the LURN experience.

Claire C Yang1, James A Hokanson2, Anna C Kirby3

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.

Continence (Amsterdam, Netherlands)
|March 25, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This multi-center study evaluated bladder and urethra function in women, detailing logistics and technical aspects for future lower urinary tract (LUT) research. Lessons learned offer insights for complex clinical trials.

Keywords:
bladderlower urinary tract physiologystudy protocolurethraurgency urinary incontinence

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Clinical Research Methodology

Background:

  • Lower urinary tract (LUT) physiology research is complex and resource-intensive.
  • Multi-center studies require robust logistical and technical planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the logistics and technical considerations for a multi-center protocol.
  • To evaluate sensory and motor function of the bladder and urethra.
  • To include women with urgency, urgency with incontinence, and controls.

Main Methods:

  • Described study network organization and infrastructure.
  • Detailed technical training methods and data quality control.
  • Utilized a multi-center protocol for lower urinary tract (LUT) testing.

Main Results:

  • Enrolled 105 participants across 6 sites during the COVID pandemic.
  • All participants completed testing with no adverse events and had evaluable data.
  • One cohort did not reach target enrollment for statistical analysis.

Conclusions:

  • Large, multi-site LUT physiology studies are complex and prone to challenges.
  • Lessons learned from the LURN-Organ study can guide future clinical research.
  • Successful navigation of unprecedented circumstances offers valuable insights for investigators.