The artificial placenta and EXTEND technologies: one of these things is not like the other

The so called "Artificial Placenta" and "Artificial Womb" (EXTEND) technologies share a common goal of improving outcomes for extreme premature infants. Beyond that goal, they are very dissimilar and, in our view, differ sufficiently in their technology, intervention strategy, demonstrated physiology, and risk profiles that bundling them together for consideration of the ethical challenges in designing first in human trials is misguided. In this response to the commentary by Kukora and colleagues, we will provide our perspective on these differences, and how they impact ethical clinical study design for first-in-human trials of safety/feasibility, and subsequently efficacy of the two technologies.