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Related Concept Videos

Repressible Operon: trp Operon01:21

Repressible Operon: trp Operon

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The trp operon in Escherichia coli exemplifies a repressible operon. It regulates the synthesis of tryptophan through repressor-mediated transcriptional control and attenuation. This dual regulatory mechanism ensures tryptophan biosynthesis occurs only when needed, conserving cellular resources.Structure of the trp OperonThe trp operon consists of five structural genes (trpE, trpD, trpC, trpB, and trpA) that encode enzymes for tryptophan biosynthesis. These genes are transcribed as a single...
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Amino acid biosynthesis is essential for cell growth, protein synthesis, and metabolic regulation. Cells generate essential and non-essential amino acids from metabolic intermediates to sustain vital biological functions. These intermediates originate from key metabolic pathways: glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and the pentose phosphate pathway. Important precursors include α-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, oxaloacetate, phosphoenolpyruvate, and erythrose-4-phosphate, which...
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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Inositol-requiring kinase one or IRE1 is the most conserved eukaryotic unfolded protein response (UPR) receptor. It is a type I transmembrane protein kinase receptor with a distinctive site-specific RNase activity. As the binding mechanics of the misfolded proteins with the N-terminal domain of IRE-1 are unclear, three binding models — direct, indirect, and allosteric -- are proposed for receptor activation. Nevertheless, it is known that once a misfolded protein associates with IRE1, it...
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Immune regulation through tryptophan metabolism.

Su-Kil Seo1,2, Byungsuk Kwon3,4

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan, 47392, Republic of Korea. sseo@inje.ac.kr.

Experimental & Molecular Medicine
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Tryptophan (Trp) metabolism influences immune function and tissue health via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Targeting these pathways offers therapeutic potential for cancer and inflammatory diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Amino acid metabolism, particularly tryptophan (Trp), is vital for cellular functions.
  • Trp metabolites are bioactive molecules regulating physiology and pathophysiology.
  • Gut microbiota and intestinal interactions modulate Trp metabolite functions, maintaining homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms linking Trp metabolism to aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation.
  • To explore how these processes modulate immune function and restore tissue homeostasis.
  • To discuss therapeutic strategies targeting Trp metabolism for diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on Trp metabolism and AHR signaling.
  • Analysis of the interplay between gut microbiota, host metabolism, and immune responses.
  • Examination of disease-associated dysregulation in Trp metabolism and AHR pathways.

Main Results:

  • Aberrant Trp metabolism and AHR inactivation are linked to cancer and inflammatory diseases.
  • Trp metabolism converges on AHR activation, modulating immune responses.
  • Gut microbiota and host interactions are crucial for Trp metabolite homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Targeting Trp metabolism and AHR activation presents a promising therapeutic avenue.
  • Restoring Trp metabolism pathways can aid in managing inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding Trp metabolite-AHR interactions is key for developing novel cancer therapies.