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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Synthesis of PolyN-isopropylacrylamide Janus Microhydrogels for Anisotropic Thermo-responsiveness and Organophilic/Hydrophilic Loading Capability
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Janus Hemispheres through Controlled Polymerization-Induced Phase Separations within Wax Droplets.

Haoguan Gui1,2,3, Jieyi Chen1, Tiantian Yang4

  • 1School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|July 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created Janus hemispheres with tunable surface properties for advanced coatings. These hemispheres enable superhydrophobic and underwater superoleophobic functionalities, expanding material science applications.

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Preparation of Hollow Polystyrene Particles and Microcapsules by Radical Polymerization of Janus Droplets Consisting of Hydrocarbon and Fluorocarbon Oils
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Janus hemispheres offer unique surface properties for advanced material applications.
  • Controlled synthesis of complex microstructures is crucial for tailored functionalities.
  • Surface modification techniques are key to achieving desired wettability and performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize Janus hemispheres with controllable patchy surfaces.
  • To functionalize these hemispheres with zwitterionic polymers for tunable wettability.
  • To fabricate robust coatings exhibiting superhydrophobicity and underwater superoleophobicity.

Main Methods:

  • Controlled polymerization-induced phase separation within emulsified wax droplets.
  • Grafting of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers to create hemispherical and patchy surfaces.
  • Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) for zwitterionic polymer grafting.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized Janus hemispheres with tunable patchy surface morphology.
  • Demonstrated control over patch formation via monomer type, feeding amount, and cross-linking.
  • Achieved wettability tuning from superhydrophobicity to underwater superoleophobicity using grafted zwitterionic polymers.

Conclusions:

  • The developed method allows for precise control over Janus hemisphere synthesis and surface functionalization.
  • The resulting Janus hemispheres are effective in creating robust coatings with switchable wettability.
  • This work provides a pathway for designing advanced functional surfaces for diverse applications.