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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
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An olfactory-based Brain-Computer Interface: electroencephalography changes during odor perception and

Marina Morozova1, Alsu Bikbavova1, Vladimir Bulanov2

  • 1Vladimir Zelman Center for Neurobiology and Brain Rehabilitation, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
|July 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores olfactory Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) using EEG to decode odor perception. Findings suggest frontal theta activity, linked to breath cycles, can improve olfactory BCI performance for conditions like anosmia.

Keywords:
Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)electroencephalography (EEG)neurofeedbackolfactionrespiratory cycle

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Sensory Systems

Background:

  • Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) typically use visual or auditory input.
  • Olfactory BCI (oBCI) represents a novel sensory modality for neural communication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and investigate the feasibility of incorporating olfaction into BCIs.
  • To explore potential applications of olfactory BCIs.

Main Methods:

  • Two olfactory tasks involving odor perception and discrimination were conducted.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings were used to monitor brain activity.
  • EEG data was analyzed in relation to the breath cycle and odor presentation.

Main Results:

  • Modulations in frontal theta activity were observed approximately 2 seconds after odor inhalation.
  • Relating EEG signals to the breath cycle is crucial for oBCI performance.
  • Theta activity shows potential for decoding olfactory information in BCIs.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory BCIs are a promising extension of current BCI technology.
  • Frontal theta rhythms and EEG activity can be utilized for oBCI development.
  • oBCIs could aid in olfactory training for conditions like anosmia, hyposmia, and cognitive impairment.