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Related Concept Videos

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex....
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
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Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Anatomy of the Eyeball01:20

Anatomy of the Eyeball

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The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
14:38

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

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Contributions of early and mid-level visual cortex to high-level object categorization.

Lily E Kramer1, Yi-Chia Chen2, Bria Long3

  • 1University of Chicago.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|July 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Early visual cortex neurons encode high-level object information, challenging the view that complex image analysis only occurs in later brain areas. This suggests preliminary untangling of abstract distinctions even in early visual processing.

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning
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Creating Objects and Object Categories for Studying Perception and Perceptual Learning

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Investigating Object Representations in the Macaque Dorsal Visual Stream Using Single-unit Recordings
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • The ventral visual stream shows increasing feature complexity tuned by neurons from early to late stages.
  • High-level object categorization is traditionally attributed to higher visual areas due to complex image format requirements.
  • Human observers can categorize stimuli based on abstract properties even when low- and mid-level features are preserved but object identity is lost ('texforms').

Conclusions:

  • Neuronal populations in early visual hierarchy contain signals relevant for higher-level object perception.
  • Early visual areas exhibit preliminary untangling of higher-level distinctions, challenging traditional hierarchical processing models.
  • The findings suggest a more integrated role for early visual cortex in object perception than previously assumed.