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Terrain elevation significantly impacts sonic boom reflection. Hilly topography can amplify noise levels by up to 6 dB due to wavefront folding, especially with steep slopes.

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Area of Science:

  • Acoustics
  • Computational Fluid Dynamics
  • Geophysics

Background:

  • Sonic booms generated by supersonic aircraft can be affected by ground topography.
  • Understanding these effects is crucial for predicting noise impact and public acceptance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how elevation variations in real terrain influence sonic boom reflection.
  • To quantify the impact of topography on sonic boom characteristics and noise levels.

Main Methods:

  • Solving the two-dimensional Euler equations using finite-difference time-domain techniques.
  • Performing numerical simulations on 10 km-long ground profiles from hilly regions.
  • Analyzing two types of boom waves: classical N-wave and low-boom wave.

Main Results:

  • Topography significantly alters reflected sonic booms for both mild and steep slopes.
  • Wavefront folding due to terrain depressions was a key observed phenomenon.
  • Steep slopes led to noise level amplification, with a 3 dB increase at 1% of positions and up to 5-6 dB near depressions.

Conclusions:

  • Terrain elevation variations, particularly steep slopes and depressions, substantially affect sonic boom reflection and increase noise levels.
  • Wavefront folding is a critical mechanism for this amplification.
  • These findings apply to both N-waves and low-boom waves, informing future supersonic flight noise predictions.