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Related Concept Videos

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
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Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Overview
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of T, B and Myeloid Cells Suppressive Activity and Humoral Responses from Transplant Recipients
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Multivalent Scaffolds to Promote B cell Tolerance.

Stephanie N Johnson1, Spencer D Brucks2, Kyle D Apley1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, United States.

Molecular Pharmaceutics
|July 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Multivalent immunotherapies offer targeted autoimmune disease treatment by modulating B cell signaling. This review explores diverse scaffold designs for selective immune response, enhancing treatment efficacy and reducing side effects.

Keywords:
B cellantigenimmune modulationmultivalencynanoparticlepolymertolerance

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases involve harmful immune responses to self-antigens.
  • Current treatments broadly suppress immunity, causing adverse effects.
  • Targeted therapies are needed to specifically modulate immune cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review multivalent scaffold architectures for autoimmune disease treatment.
  • To evaluate functional mechanisms of multivalent ligands in B cell modulation.
  • To assess strengths and weaknesses of different multivalent designs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of synthetic and natural polymer backbones with various ligands.
  • Analysis of nanoparticle-based immunotherapies.
  • Examination of multivalent liposomal nanoparticles displaying protein antigens.

Main Results:

  • Multivalent formats can enable selective immunomodulation via unique cellular signaling.
  • Diverse scaffolds (polymers, nanoparticles, liposomes) show potential.
  • Architectural variations impact efficacy and targeting.

Conclusions:

  • Multivalent ligands offer versatile immunomodulation for autoimmunity.
  • Scaffold design is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes.
  • Further evaluation of multivalent scaffolds is warranted for clinical translation.