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Updated: Jul 24, 2025

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Does the Fraternal Birth Order Effect Influence Handedness?

Nathan T Bartlett1, Janessa R Morin1, Peter L Hurd2,3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.

Archives of Sexual Behavior
|July 6, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The fraternal birth order effect (FBOE) on male sexual orientation is influenced by factors also affecting handedness. Parental age is a key confounder in FBOE analyses, impacting both sexual orientation and handedness.

Keywords:
Female fecundityFraternal birth orderHandednessMaternal ageMaternal immune hypothesisPaternal age

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Human Sexuality
  • Behavioral Genetics

Background:

  • The fraternal birth order effect (FBOE) suggests increased likelihood of same-sex orientation in men with more older brothers.
  • Evidence suggests FBOE is specific to right-handed men, with left-handed men showing no such effect.
  • Debates exist on distinguishing FBOE from confounding effects like the female fecundity effect (FFE).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To apply recent analytical methods for FBOE to the trait of handedness.
  • To investigate potential confounding factors, such as parental age, in FBOE research.
  • To explore shared influences on sexual orientation and handedness in men and women.

Main Methods:

  • Applied Khovanova's technique to handedness data, initially showing an FBOE-like effect.
  • Controlled for confounding effects of parental age.
  • Utilized models to simultaneously test multiple posited effects (FFE, parental age, birth order) on handedness.

Main Results:

  • An initial analysis suggested an FBOE in handedness, consistent with the maternal immune hypothesis.
  • This FBOE-like effect in handedness disappeared when parental age effects were controlled.
  • Multifactorial models revealed significant female fecundity, paternal age, and birth order effects on male handedness, but no FBOE. Women showed different patterns, influenced by birth order and sex of older siblings.

Conclusions:

  • Factors influencing male sexual orientation may also impact handedness.
  • Parental age is a significant confounder in FBOE analyses and should be carefully considered.
  • The study highlights the complexity of factors influencing both sexual orientation and handedness, with distinct patterns observed between sexes.