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    Integrating adaptive and performance landscape approaches reveals how ecological pressures shape functional evolution. This merged framework illuminates the role of performance in fitness and evolutionary constraints, using turtle shell evolution as a case study.

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    Area of Science:

    • Evolutionary Biology
    • Functional Morphology
    • Biomechanics

    Background:

    • Understanding functional adaptation requires integrating form, function, ecology, and evolution.
    • Existing approaches, like the adaptive landscape approach (ALA) and performance landscape approach (PLA), offer partial insights into functional evolution.

    Conclusions:

    • Merging ALA and PLA provides a deeper understanding of functional adaptation, fitness contributions, and evolutionary constraints.
    • The framework highlights the complex, multifaceted relationships among function, fitness, and constraints in evolutionary processes.
    • This integrative approach is crucial for deciphering the evolutionary dynamics of form and function across diverse taxa.