Geochemical relationship and profile distribution of Selenium and Cadmium in typical Selenium-enriched areas in Enshi

Selenium (Se) is an essential nutrient element for humans, and Se-enriched products are gaining popularity due to their health benefits. However, Enshi, a region in China naturally rich in Se, a high background value of cadmium (Cd) is discovered, which severely impacts local Se-enriched agriculture. Therefore, it is crucial to explore the geochemical relationship between Se and Cd. In this study, we analyzed soil profiles and parent rocks of different geological ages from Enshi to investigate the accumulation and distribution of Se and Cd. The ratio of redox sensitive elements and the multivariate statistical analysis, along with XRD and XPS analysis, were utilized to investigate the correlated relationship between Se and Cd and the underlying geochemical mechanisms. The results showed that average Se and Cd contents in rocks were 1.67 and 0.32 mg/kg. Se and Cd levels reached highest at Permian in rocks of different geological ages, which may be related to the Permian Dongwu movement near the study area. The highest migration rate of Cd and Se from rock to soil was 12 and 1.5 times. The soil Se and Cd fractions were mostly in bound states, with the largest fraction of Se being organic-bound at an average of 45.9%. The reducible and the residue state accounted for the largest proportion in the Cd fractions, with an average of 40.6% and 25.6%. Redox-sensitive element ratios indicate a reducing forming environment of deep sediments in the Permian strata. Furthermore, the correlation and PCA analysis revealed highly significant positive correlations between Se, Cd, V and Cr, suggesting that the sources of Se and Cd were closely related to volcanic and biological activities. In conclusion, a strong geochemical relationship was observed between Se and Cd. And as a result, metal pollution must be closely monitored during the production of Se-enriched agriculture in Se-enriched regions.