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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

4.0K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

2.8K
The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

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Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
04:01

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Surgery for Thyroid Disease in Children.

Steven W Bruch1

  • 1University of Michigan, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Advances in Pediatrics
|July 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Pediatric thyroid surgery addresses medullary thyroid cancer, Graves

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Surgical oncology
  • Pediatric surgery

Background:

  • Thyroid surgery in children is uncommon but critical.
  • Key indications include medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia (MEN) syndromes, benign conditions like Graves' disease, and thyroid nodules requiring cancer evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the diagnostic and management strategies for pediatric thyroid conditions requiring surgery.
  • To detail pre-operative assessments and surgical approaches tailored to specific pediatric thyroid pathologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of etiologies for pediatric thyroid surgery: MTC in MEN, Graves' disease, and thyroid nodules.
  • Discussion of pre-operative evaluation protocols.
  • Description of operative techniques for each condition.
Keywords:
Graves’ diseaseMultiple endocrine neoplasiaThyroidThyroid cancer

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Main Results:

  • Specific evaluation pathways exist for each primary etiology.
  • Pre-operative preparation varies based on the underlying diagnosis.
  • Surgical strategies are adapted to the specific pediatric thyroid problem.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive evaluation and tailored surgical planning are essential for optimal outcomes in pediatric thyroid surgery.
  • Addressing MTC, Graves' disease, and nodules requires distinct management approaches.