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A single nucleotide polymorphism or SNP is a single nucleotide variation at a specific genomic position in a large population. It is the most prevalent type of sequence variation found in the human genome. Point mutations that occur in more than 1% of the population qualify as SNPs. These are present once every 1000 nucleotides on an average in the human genome. Replacement of a purine with another purine (A/G) or a pyrimidine with another pyrimidine (C/T) is known as a transition. In contrast,...
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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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SARS-CoV-2 niches in human placenta revealed by spatial transcriptomics.

Enrico R Barrozo1, Maxim D Seferovic1, Eumenia C C Castro2

  • 1Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.

Med (New York, N.Y.)
|July 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

High-resolution placental transcriptomics reveals how SARS-CoV-2 infection impacts specific placental niches. Niches with high viral load show inflammation and altered immune responses, regardless of maternal symptoms.

Keywords:
COVID-19Translation to patientsmaternal-fetalmicroenvironmentperinatalvisium

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Immunology
  • Infectious Disease

Background:

  • Placental niches are crucial for separating maternal and fetal antigens and preventing pathogen transmission.
  • Understanding placental transcription profiles can identify specialized microenvironments and their functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To create a high-resolution map of placental transcription.
  • To investigate the functional and transcriptional characteristics of placental microenvironments.
  • To examine the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on placental niches.

Main Methods:

  • Visium Spatial Transcriptomics was used to generate 17,927 spatial transcriptomes.
  • Integration with 273,944 placental single-cell and single-nuclei transcriptomes.
  • Analysis of placentae from healthy controls and COVID-19 infected participants (asymptomatic and symptomatic).

Main Results:

  • A placental atlas with at least 22 subpopulations was generated.
  • SARS-CoV-2 was detected in syncytiotrophoblasts in both symptomatic and asymptomatic cases.
  • Placental niches with high SARS-CoV-2 levels exhibited pro-inflammatory responses, altered metallopeptidase signaling, and immune cell shifts.
  • Fetal sex differences in gene expression responses were limited, primarily observed in the maternal decidua of males.

Conclusions:

  • High-resolution spatial transcriptomics reveals dynamic placental responses to SARS-CoV-2.
  • These responses occur in coordinated microenvironments, irrespective of clinical disease severity.
  • The study provides direct evidence for functional niche microenvironments within the placenta.