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Related Concept Videos

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization01:25

Crystal Growth: Principles of Crystallization

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Crystallization is a phase transformation process in which crystals are precipitated from a supersaturated solution or formed from other sources. During crystallization, atoms or molecules arrange themselves into a well-defined, rigid crystal lattice to minimize energy.
Initiating crystallization involves manipulating the concentration of the solute and the temperature of the solution. Since crystal growth occurs when the ratio of concentration and solubility of the solute in the solvent...
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Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

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Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
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Precipitation Processes

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The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 24, 2025

Optimizing the Growth of Endothiapepsin Crystals for Serial Crystallography Experiments
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Protein Nucleation and Crystallization Process with Process Analytical Technologies in a Batch Crystallizer.

Wenqing Tian1, Wei Li1, Huaiyu Yang1

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE113TU, U.K.

Crystal Growth & Design
|July 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Real-time monitoring of protein crystallization using focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) provides crucial insights into process stages and kinetics. This method accurately estimates induction time and reveals how supersaturation and salt concentration impact interfacial energy and yield.

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Crystallization Science

Background:

  • Protein crystallization offers advantages over traditional downstream processing for pharmaceuticals.
  • Current understanding of protein crystallization dynamics is limited, necessitating real-time monitoring.
  • In situ tracking is essential for optimizing protein crystallization processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and implement a real-time monitoring system for protein batch crystallization.
  • To identify distinct stages within the protein crystallization process.
  • To analyze the impact of supersaturation, salt concentration, and protein concentration on crystallization kinetics and yield.

Main Methods:

  • A 100 mL batch crystallizer equipped with a focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) probe and thermocouple was utilized.
  • In situ monitoring was combined with off-line concentration measurements and crystal imaging.
  • Analysis of induction time, interfacial energy, and final yield based on FBRM data and solution conditions.

Main Results:

  • Three crystallization stages were identified: nucleation, rapid crystallization, and growth/breakage.
  • FBRM effectively estimated induction time, which correlated with supersaturation levels.
  • Interfacial energy for nucleation decreased with increasing salt concentration.
  • High yields (up to 99%) and controlled crystal size (26.5 μm median) were achieved by optimizing protein and salt concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) is a valuable tool for real-time monitoring and understanding protein crystallization.
  • Process parameters like supersaturation and salt concentration significantly influence crystallization kinetics and thermodynamics.
  • Optimized conditions allow for high-yield protein crystallization with controlled crystal characteristics.