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Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The Watson-Crick model of double-helical DNA structure, proposed in 1952, drew heavily upon the X-ray crystallography work of researchers Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins. Watson, Crick, and Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work in 1962. Franklin was, controversially, excluded from the prize for...
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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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3D Multicolor DNA FISH Tool to Study Nuclear Architecture in Human Primary Cells
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Three-dimensional genome structure and function.

Hao Liu1,2, Hsiangyu Tsai1, Maoquan Yang3

  • 1Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University National Center for Stomatology National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology Shanghai China.

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|July 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian cells organize linear DNA into a 3D genome, impacting gene expression and development. Understanding this complex 3D genome folding is key to deciphering cell fate and disease mechanisms.

Keywords:
cancercongenital developmental abnormalitythree‐dimensional genometopologically associating domain

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Linear DNA in mammalian cells forms complex 3D structures like chromosomal territories and chromatin loops.
  • These 3D genome structures are critical for gene regulation, cell differentiation, and disease development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the structural hierarchy of the 3D genome.
  • To explore the roles of cis-regulatory elements and dynamic chromatin conformation changes in gene expression and embryonic development.
  • To discuss disease mechanisms linked to 3D genome organization alterations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on 3D genome organization.
  • Analysis of high-throughput sequencing and imaging techniques.
  • Discussion of molecular mechanisms and pathological implications.

Main Results:

  • The 3D genome exhibits a hierarchical organization influencing gene expression.
  • Dynamic changes in 3D chromatin conformation are crucial during embryonic development.
  • Alterations in 3D genome organization are implicated in congenital abnormalities and cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Advancements in sequencing and imaging illuminate higher-order chromatin structures.
  • Understanding 3D genome folding is essential for deciphering cell fate and disease.
  • Future research on 3D genome structure offers potential for precise disease diagnosis and treatment.