Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

132
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
132
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

90
A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
90
Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

91
Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
91
Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development01:30

Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development

58
Social-emotional experiences and cultural influences play significant roles in shaping gender development. During middle childhood, from ages 6 to 11, peer groups become dominant in reinforcing gender norms. Children in this age group often align with same-gender peer groups, which actively encourage behaviors that conform to traditional gender roles. For instance, boys may be discouraged from engaging in activities perceived as feminine, reinforcing culturally dictated norms about masculinity...
58
Depressive Disorders: Etiology01:27

Depressive Disorders: Etiology

140
Depressive disorders result from a complex interplay of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors, each contributing uniquely to the development and persistence of the condition. Understanding these factors provides critical insight into the multifaceted nature of depression.
Biological Factors in Depression
Biological predispositions significantly influence the risk of developing depressive disorders. Genetic studies highlight the role of variations in the serotonin transporter...
140
Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

161
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
161

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Rare Coding Variants Reveal Distinct Genetic Architectures Across Multidimensional Sleep Phenotypes.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Disentangling direct and indirect genetic pathways to neurodevelopmental risk: brain structure and behavior in a population-based parent-offspring trio study.

Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines·2026
Same author

Temperature exposure and time adolescents spend in physical activity across intensity levels.

Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)·2026
Same author

Associations of ambient temperature exposure with embryonic and early fetal development.

International journal of epidemiology·2026
Same author

Examining bidirectional associations between overprotective parenting and adolescent problem behaviors: a multiverse analysis.

Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines·2026
Same author

Evaluation of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Program Evaluation Practicum.

Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

15.8K

Differences in cortical morphology and child internalizing or externalizing problems: Accounting for the

Yingzhe Zhang1, Bing Xu2, Hannah H Kim3

  • 1Department of Epidemiology Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston Massachusetts USA.

JCPP Advances
|July 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems show opposing global associations with cortical volume. These effects are only evident when considering both problem types together, highlighting the importance of accounting for co-occurrence in neuroimaging studies.

Keywords:
adolescencecomorbidityexternalizing disorderinternalizing disorderneuroimaging

More Related Videos

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos
05:32

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Published on: December 7, 2018

9.0K
Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children
09:32

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

Published on: June 30, 2014

21.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD
10:02

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

15.8K
Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos
05:32

Comparing Eye-tracking Data of Children with High-functioning ASD, Comorbid ADHD, and of a Control Watching Social Videos

Published on: December 7, 2018

9.0K
Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children
09:32

Cortical Source Analysis of High-Density EEG Recordings in Children

Published on: June 30, 2014

21.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Child Psychiatry

Background:

  • Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems frequently co-occur, yet few studies examine their neural correlates together.
  • Previous research often focuses on one problem type, neglecting the complex interplay between internalizing and externalizing behaviors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the specific cortical substrates associated with childhood internalizing and externalizing problems, accounting for their co-occurrence.
  • To clarify the relationship between cortical morphology and distinct behavioral problem types in pre-adolescent children.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from 9635 children (aged 9-11 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.
  • Assessed internalizing and externalizing problem scores using the Child Behavior Checklist and standardized cortical volumes from FreeSurfer.
  • Employed multivariate linear regressions and bifactor models to examine associations, adjusting for covariates and total brain volume (TBV).

Main Results:

  • Separate analyses revealed smaller cortical volumes associated with both externalizing and internalizing problems.
  • When accounting for co-occurrence, internalizing problems were linked to larger cortical volumes, while externalizing problems remained associated with smaller volumes.
  • Associations appeared to be global effects, with most becoming non-significant after adjusting for TBV.

Conclusions:

  • Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems exhibit globally opposing, non-specific associations with cortical morphology.
  • These opposing associations are only apparent when the co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing problems is considered in analyses.