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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
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Initiation of Translation02:33

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
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The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
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Chemical Triphosphorylation of Oligonucleotides
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Triplet-Encoded Prebiotic RNA Aminoacylation.

Meng Su1, Christian Schmitt2, Ziwei Liu1

  • 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Before enzymes, RNA could be selectively aminoacylated without them. This study shows sequence-dependent, enzyme-free aminoacylation of RNA, suggesting a second genetic code in the RNA acceptor stem.

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Area of Science:

  • Origin of life studies
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Translation requires amino acids attached to tRNAs by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases.
  • The origin of this selective aminoacylation before enzyme evolution is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate enzyme-free, sequence-dependent aminoacylation of RNA.
  • To explore potentially prebiotic routes for primordial tRNA aminoacylation.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated two prebiotic routes for aminoacyl-tRNA acceptor stem-overhang mimics.
  • Analyzed oligonucleotide efficiency in aminoacylation.
  • Examined chemoselectivity and stereoselectivity of aminoacylation from mixed anhydride donors.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated enzyme-free, chemoselective aminoacylation of RNA.
  • Overhang sequences had minimal impact on chemoselectivity.
  • Aminoacylation selectivity depended on the terminal three base pairs of the RNA stem.

Conclusions:

  • Supports the hypothesis of a second genetic code within the RNA acceptor stem.
  • Provides insight into early RNA-based amino acid activation mechanisms.
  • Suggests a plausible pathway for the origin of genetic coding.