Antibody Binding to Recombinant Adeno Associated Virus Monitored by Charge Detection Mass Spectrometry

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a leading gene therapy vector. However, neutralizing antibodies reduce its efficacy. Traditional methods used to investigate antibody binding provide limited information. Here, charge detection mass spectrometry (CD-MS) was used to investigate the binding of monoclonal antibody ADK8 to AAV serotype 8 (AAV8). CD-MS provides a label-free approach to antibody binding. Individual binding events can be monitored as each event is indicated by a shift of the antibody-antigen complex to a higher mass. Unlike other methods, the CD-MS approach reveals the distribution of antibodies bound on capsids, allowing AAV8 subpopulations with different affinities to be identified. The charge state generated by the electrospray of large ions is normally correlated with the structure, and the charge is expected to increase when an antibody binds to the capsid exterior. Surprisingly, binding of the first ADK8 to AAV8 causes a substantial decrease in the charge, suggesting that the first antibody binding event causes a significant structural change. The charge increases for subsequent binding events. Finally, high ADK8 concentrations cause agglutination, where ADK8 links AAV capsids to form dimers and higher order multimers.