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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

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The (moral) language of hate.

Brendan Kennedy^1,2, Preni Golazizian^1,2, Jackson Trager^1,3

¹Brain and Creativity Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.

|July 13, 2023

Summary

This study reveals that morality and hateful language are closely linked. Analyzing propaganda, slurs, and online speech shows how moral concepts like purity and loyalty are used to fuel hate.

Keywords:

hate language moral foundations theory morality text analysis

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Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

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Area of Science:

Psychology
Linguistics
Sociology

Background:

Hateful language incites violence and denigrates individuals based on identity.
The psychological underpinnings of hateful language remain poorly understood.
Existing efforts to curb public hate speech have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the psychological relationship between morality and hateful language.
To test the hypothesis that morality and hate are concomitant in language.
To identify the moral concerns invoked by hate speech across different contexts.

Main Methods:

Analysis of language from diverse sources: propaganda, multilingual text corpora, and social media.
Empirical studies examining the use of hateful language.
Post hoc analyses of moral content within hate speech.

Main Results:

Evidence supports the hypothesis that morality and hate are intertwined in language.
The moral content of hate speech varies by context.
Purity concerns were prominent in propaganda and online hate speech.
Loyalty concerns were evident in hateful slurs across languages.

Conclusions:

Hateful language is psychologically linked to moral concerns.
Understanding this intersection offers a new lens for analyzing hate speech.
Findings have practical implications for mitigating online hateful rhetoric.