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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

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Open-source 3-D printable autoinjector: Design, testing, and regulatory limitations.

Anjutha Selvaraj1, Apoorv Kulkarni2, J M Pearce2,3

  • 1Faculty of Science, Medical Sciences and Environmental Sciences, Western University, London, ON, Canada.

Plos One
|July 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study presents an open-source, 3-D printed autoinjector designed for affordable medication delivery. The low-cost device demonstrates effective dose delivery, improving accessibility for self-administered treatments.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Device Design
  • Open-Source Hardware

Background:

  • Autoinjectors are increasingly popular for drug delivery, but their high cost limits patient accessibility.
  • The global market for autoinjector devices is projected to reach $37.5 billion by 2025.
  • Self-administration of medication can reduce healthcare costs, but device expense remains a barrier.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and manufacture a low-cost, spring-driven autoinjector using 3-D printing technology.
  • To overcome the economic accessibility challenges associated with commercial autoinjector devices.
  • To provide an open-source hardware solution for distributed manufacturing of medical devices.

Main Methods:

  • A spring-driven autoinjector was designed and manufactured using 3-D printing (RepRap-class fused filament printer).
  • Bill of materials and assembly instructions were detailed for replicability.
  • Dosing accuracy and safety were tested against ISO 11608-1:2022 using ethyl alcohol and various BD Insulin syringes.
  • Variability in dose delivery efficiency was assessed for 1mL, 0.5mL, and 0.3mL syringes.

Main Results:

  • The 3-D printed autoinjector successfully delivered the entire dose over 97.5% of the time for 1mL and 0.5mL syringes.
  • The device's spring force and size were incompatible with 0.3mL or smaller syringes.
  • Manufacturing components took approximately twelve hours.
  • The total material cost was CAD$6.83, significantly lower than commercial alternatives.

Conclusions:

  • The open-source, 3-D printed autoinjector offers a promising, cost-effective solution for accessible medication delivery.
  • Further development and regulatory approval are necessary for widespread adoption.
  • Distributed manufacturing of such medical devices could support individuals facing high healthcare costs.