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Spanish normative studies (NEURONORMA-Plus project): norms for the Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test, Color Trails
G García-Escobar1, C Pérez-Enríquez2, C Arrondo-Elizarán3
1Grupo de Neurofuncionalidad y Lenguaje, Programa de Neurociencias, Instituto Hospital del Mar de Investigaciones Médicas (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Unidad de Deterioro Cognitivo y Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.
Introduction:
Complex attention and non-verbal fluency tasks are used in neuropsychological assessments with the aim of exploring subdomains of executive function. The purpose of this study is to provide norms and age-, education-, and sex-adjusted data for the Delis Kaplan-Design Fluency Test (DK-DFT), Color Trails Test (CTT), and Dual Task (DT) as part of the NEURONORMA-Plus project.
Methods:
The sample included 308 cognitively unimpaired individuals aged between 18 and 92 years. Raw scores were converted to age-adjusted scaled scores. These were further converted into education- and sex-adjusted scaled scores by applying linear regression, with 2 age groups (< 50 and ≥ 50 years).
Results:
Overall, age had a negative impact on DK-DFT and CTT performance. We observed a positive effect of education on DK-DFT scores only in the older group (≥ 50 years). Moreover, younger men performed slightly better in the basic condition of this test. Education was positively associated with all CTT scores in both age groups, with the exception of the CTT-1 subtest in the younger group. Age and education did not influence DT performance, whereas sex did, with young women performing slightly better.
Conclusions:
These normative data may be useful in the interpretation of neuropsychological assessments in the Spanish population.
