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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease
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Position paper on olfactory dysfunction: 2023

K L Whitcroft1,2,3, A Altundag4, P Balungwe5,6

  • 1Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.

Rhinology
|July 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This updated position paper addresses olfactory dysfunction (OD) diagnosis and management, incorporating recent research and COVID-19 impacts. It provides new recommendations on terminology, imaging, and specific OD types to improve research consistency.

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic heightened awareness of the significant personal and societal burden of olfactory dysfunction (OD).
  • Increased public and scientific recognition of olfaction's impact on quality of life, nutrition, social interactions, and mental health.
  • Substantial advancements in basic, translational, and clinical research concerning OD since the 2017 Position Paper on Olfactory Dysfunction (PPOD-17).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present and discuss current evidence for the diagnosis and management of olfactory dysfunction.
  • To update recommendations based on recent research and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • To promote a common language and enhance the quality and generalizability of research in the field of olfaction.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of current evidence on olfactory dysfunction.
  • Development of updated recommendations through a modified Delphi process involving all co-authors.
  • Inclusion of new sections addressing qualitative OD and COVID-19 related OD.

Main Results:

  • Major updates include revised recommendations on olfactory terminology and imaging.
  • New sections specifically address qualitative olfactory dysfunction and COVID-19 associated olfactory dysfunction.
  • The management section has been updated to reflect the latest evidence and clinical practices.

Conclusions:

  • Provides an overview of current evidence and expert-agreed recommendations for defining, investigating, and managing OD.
  • Aims to encourage clinicians and researchers to adopt standardized terminology and practices.
  • Expected outcome is an increase in the methodological quality, consistency, and generalizability of research in olfactory dysfunction.