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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Lower Limbs01:24

Arteries of the Lower Limbs

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
215
Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists01:14

Antiepileptic Drugs: Glutamate Antagonists

427
Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...
427
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

349
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
349
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

426
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
426
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

682
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
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Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

75
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
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Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice

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Further advances in epilepsy.

Joanna Fawcett1, Sarah Davis1, Mark Manford2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Royal United Hospital, Bath, UK.

Journal of Neurology
|July 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review updates advances in epilepsy treatment, renaming drugs to antiseizure medications (ASMs). It covers new treatments, teratogenicity, status epilepticus, surgical options, and improving quality of life for persons with epilepsy (PWE).

Keywords:
EpilepsyGeneticsMechanismsSpecialist nurseStatus epilepticusSurgeryTreatment

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Author Spotlight: Insights into the Techniques and Findings of Recent Advancements in Epilepsy Research
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Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Electrophoretic Delivery of γ-aminobutyric Acid GABA into Epileptic Focus Prevents Seizures in Mice
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Author Spotlight: Insights into the Techniques and Findings of Recent Advancements in Epilepsy Research
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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Pharmacology
  • Epileptology

Background:

  • This paper updates a 2017 review on epilepsy advances, focusing on treatment evolution.
  • Current medications, primarily targeting neurotransmitters and ion channels, are now termed antiseizure medications (ASMs).

Approach:

  • Reviews newly licensed ASMs like cenobamate and developments for specific epilepsy disorders.
  • Examines teratogenicity concerns, medical and surgical treatment advancements, and alternative therapies.
  • Discusses research on enhancing autonomy and quality of life for persons with epilepsy (PWE), including technology-assisted seizure management.

Key Points:

  • Cenobamate is a new ASM for focal epilepsy; other specific disorder treatments are evolving.
  • High-quality trials now inform status epilepticus treatment; surgical evaluations are improved by new imaging.
  • Research focuses on PWE empowerment, quality of life, and the role of specialist nurses.

Conclusions:

  • Epilepsy treatment continues to evolve, with a shift towards ASMs and advancements in various therapeutic modalities.
  • Improved pre-surgical evaluation, novel interventions, and technology-assisted management enhance seizure control and patient well-being.