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Geometrical control of interface patterning underlies active matter invasion.

Haoran Xu1,2, Mehrana R Nejad3, Julia M Yeomans3

  • 1Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China.

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Bacterial active matter confined by deformable boundaries forms ordered patterns with interfacial protrusions and multicellular clusters. This collective curvature sensing drives rapid, self-similar invasion, revealing a new mode of active matter pattern formation.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Active matter physics
  • Soft matter physics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • The interaction between active materials and confinement boundaries is crucial for emergent phenomena in active systems.
  • For living active matter (e.g., bacteria), deformable interfaces are common boundaries, but their role in morphogenesis and pattern formation remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of bacterial active matter confined by a deformable boundary.
  • To understand how activity-induced interface dynamics lead to morphogenesis and pattern formation.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental study of bacterial active matter confined by a deformable boundary.
  • Analysis of emergent morphological patterns and self-organization of bacteria.
  • Development and application of a continuum active model.

Main Results:

  • Emergence of ordered interfacial patterns with periodically spaced protrusions.
  • Self-organization of bacteria into multicellular clusters with +1/2 nematic defects behind protrusions.
  • Hierarchical transition from interfacial protrusions to creeping branches, enabling rapid, self-similar invasion.
  • Identification of collective curvature sensing, where interface patterning is controlled by local curvature.

Conclusions:

  • Collective curvature sensing arises from enhanced active stresses in high-curvature regions.
  • The active length scale dictates the spacing of interfacial protrusions.
  • A novel protrusion-to-branch transition mechanism for active matter invasion was revealed.
  • Findings suggest strategies for engineering pattern formation in active materials.