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Related Concept Videos

Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

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Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
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Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

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The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Transport Across the Golgi01:26

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While it is unclear how molecules move between adjacent Golgi cisternae, it is apparent that the molecules move from cis- cisterna, the entry face, to the trans- cisterna, the exit face. Experiments initially suggested vesicles that bud from one cisterna and fuse with the next cisterna to transport proteins between the cisternae. This vesicular transport model describes the Golgi apparatus as a relatively static structure with a unique enzyme composition in each cisterna. Molecules are...
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Carrier Generation and Recombination01:22

Carrier Generation and Recombination

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Carrier generation is the process by which electron-hole pairs (EHPs) are created within the semiconductor. In direct-bandgap semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide (GaAs), this occurs efficiently when energy absorption prompts valence electrons to leap into the conduction band, leaving behind holes.
This process is given by the generation rate G and is efficient due to the conservation of momentum between the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum.
Indirect generation involves an...
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ADP/ATP carrier or AAC protein is the most abundant carrier protein in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It transports large quantities of ADP and ATP, equivalent to the average human body weight, every day. Among other transporters, ACC protein is one of the best-studied members of the mitochondrial carrier protein family. The ADP/ATP carrier protein comprises two transmembrane helices connected to a loop and a single alpha-helix on the matrix side. It switches between two conformational...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 23, 2025

Experimental Quantification of Interactions Between Drug Delivery Systems and Cells In Vitro: A Guide for Preclinical Nanomedicine Evaluation
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Statistics of carrier-cargo complexes.

René Wittmann1, Paul A Monderkamp1, Hartmut Löwen1

  • 1Institut für Theoretische Physik II: Weiche Materie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.

Physical Review. E
|July 19, 2023
PubMed
Summary

We studied how soft-matter building blocks assemble to encapsulate cargo particles. Cargo concentration and carrier size control complex formation, offering insights into drug delivery and synthetic cells.

Area of Science:

  • Soft matter physics
  • Statistical mechanics
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Carrier-cargo complexes are crucial for out-of-equilibrium applications like drug delivery and synthetic cell encapsulation.
  • Understanding the fundamental statistical physics of particle uptake by carriers is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the statistics of soft-matter building block assembly for cargo particle uptake and encapsulation.
  • To develop a minimal model for carrier-cargo complex formation.

Main Methods:

  • Introduction of an exactly solvable equilibrium model in one dimension.
  • Analysis of particle uptake using hard-core-like models for carrier membranes.
  • Mapping internal free space to an effective chemical potential.

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Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis
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Related Experiment Videos

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Experimental Quantification of Interactions Between Drug Delivery Systems and Cells In Vitro: A Guide for Preclinical Nanomedicine Evaluation
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Characterizing the Composition of Molecular Motors on Moving Axonal Cargo Using "Cargo Mapping" Analysis
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Main Results:

  • Carrier-cargo complex formation is tunable by cargo concentration and carrier interior size.
  • Internal free space of cargo within a carrier acts as an "engulfment strength."
  • A mapping to an effective particle species allows for analysis of multiple cargo/carrier types and attractive interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The Boltzmann occupation law is violated under non-equilibrium conditions.
  • A Bose-Einstein-like phase transition is proposed for polydisperse carrier properties.
  • Findings provide a fundamental statistical physics framework for carrier-cargo systems.