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Efficient second- and higher-order harmonic generation from LiNbO₃ metasurfaces.

Yun Zhao¹, Zhaoxi Chen², Cheng Wang²

¹State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China. ymyang@tsinghua.edu.cn.

|July 19, 2023

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Lithium niobate metasurfaces efficiently generate second-harmonic generation (SHG) and high-harmonic generation (HHG). This breakthrough enables compact, deep-ultraviolet coherent white-light sources for spectroscopy and imaging.

Area of Science:

Nonlinear optics
Materials science
Nanophotonics

Background:

Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) offers large nonlinear susceptibility but faces phase-matching challenges in bulk crystals for complex nonlinear processes like high-harmonic generation (HHG).
Nanoscale engineering with LiNbO3 metasurfaces can enhance light-matter interactions, potentially overcoming limitations of bulk materials.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally demonstrate efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) and high-harmonic generation (HHG) from lithium niobate metasurfaces.
To explore the potential of guided-mode resonance in LiNbO3 metasurfaces for nonlinear optical processes.
To investigate the generation of deep-ultraviolet coherent white-light sources.

Main Methods:

Fabrication of lithium niobate (LiNbO3) metasurfaces.

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Last Updated: Jul 23, 2025

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Utilizing guided-mode resonance for enhanced nonlinear light-matter interaction.

Experimental measurement of second-harmonic generation (SHG) and high-harmonic generation (HHG) efficiencies and orders.

Main Results:

Achieved a high normalized SHG efficiency of 5.1 × 10^-5 cm^2 GW^-1.
Demonstrated high-harmonic generation (HHG) up to the 7th order.
Generated light with the shortest wavelength of 226 nm, extending into the deep ultraviolet region.
Observed alleviated above-gap absorption in the metasurface structure.

Conclusions:

LiNbO3 metasurfaces with guided-mode resonance are effective for efficient SHG and HHG.
This approach overcomes phase-matching limitations inherent in bulk LiNbO3 crystals.
The study presents a viable pathway towards developing compact coherent white-light sources for advanced spectroscopy and imaging applications in the deep UV spectrum.