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Related Concept Videos

Mitochondria01:37

Mitochondria

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Mitochondria are eukaryotic cellular organelles that are known to produce energy through a process called oxidative phosphorylation. Besides their primary function, mitochondria are involved in various cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, signaling, metabolism, and senescence. Age-related changes cause a decline in mitochondrial quality and integrity due to increased mitochondrial mutations and oxidative damage. Thus, aging can severely impact mitochondrial functions,...
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Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

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The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...
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Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

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A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
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Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

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Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

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Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
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The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

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The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
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Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells
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Multicolor Flow Cytometry-based Quantification of Mitochondria and Lysosomes in T Cells

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Mitochondria during T cell aging.

Jose Ignacio Escrig-Larena1, Sandra Delgado-Pulido2, María Mittelbrunn1

  • 1Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Centro de Biología Molcular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain.

Seminars in Immunology
|July 20, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondrial dysfunction drives aging and inflammaging by disrupting key cellular processes. This review details how these age-related mitochondrial changes impair T cell function.

Keywords:
AgingApoptosisCalcium homeostasisInflammagingLymphocyteMitochondriaMitochondrial dynamicsMitokinesMitophagyMtDNAROST cells

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is a key feature of the aging process.
  • Aging is associated with inflammaging, a chronic, low-grade inflammation.
  • Mitochondrial alterations contribute significantly to age-associated immune decline.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of mitochondrial alterations during aging.
  • To explore the impact of these mitochondrial changes on T cell function.
  • To highlight the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in inflammaging.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of aging and mitochondrial biology.
  • Analysis of studies on T cell immunosenescence.
  • Synthesis of data linking mitochondrial processes to inflammaging.

Main Results:

  • Aging involves mitochondrial DNA damage, reduced respiratory function, and increased oxidative stress.
  • These primary changes disrupt metabolism, mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and apoptosis.
  • Age-associated mitochondrial dysfunction directly impairs T cell function and contributes to inflammaging.

Conclusions:

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central mechanism in aging and inflammaging.
  • Targeting mitochondrial health may offer strategies to combat age-related T cell dysfunction.
  • Further research into mitochondrial interventions could improve immune function in the elderly.