Production of activated carbon from exhausted coffee grounds chemically modified with natural eucalyptus ash lye and...

The objective of this research was to produce an activated carbon (AC) from exhausted coffee grounds (ECG) and chemically activate it with natural lye from eucalyptus ash to subsequently evaluate the fluoride adsorption process in an aqueous medium. The thermal analysis of ECG was determined as well as solubilized extraction, alkalinity and calcium content of eucalyptus ashes. AC was characterized by elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), analysis of textural properties, pH and point of zero charge (PZC). The AC presented macroporosity and XRD confirmed the amorphous characteristic of cellulose-containing materials. Carboxylic acid functional group was identified in the AC surface, which can contribute to the adsorption of fluoride. The specific surface area of ECG and AC were 189.01 and 21.74 m²/g. The adsorption kinetics of fluoride revealed that equilibrium is reached around 800 min and the data followed the pseudo-second order model. The Freundlich model fitted the experimental data with the best quality and Freundlich's constant n allowed inferring that the adsorption is favorable and the isotherm appears to be L-type, with an initial downward curvature, which suggests less availability of active sites when increasing the adsorbent concentration.