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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

247
Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
247
Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)

1.1K
Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
The central atom need not be NMR-active because its electrons are affected by the electron polarization of the spin-active atoms. However, spin information is transmitted less effectively than in one-bond coupling, and 2J values are usually weaker than 1J values. The energy of...
1.1K
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

1.3K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
1.3K
¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling01:27

¹H NMR: Long-Range Coupling

1.8K
The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
In alkenes, spin information is communicated via σ–π overlap, as seen in allylic (four-bond) and homoallylic (five-bond) couplings. These coupling interactions are stronger when the σ bond is parallel to the alkene...
1.8K
Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

960
In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
960
¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns01:13

¹H NMR Signal Multiplicity: Splitting Patterns

5.2K
When protons A and X are coupled, their nuclear spin energy levels are slightly modified. This is because the energy required to excite proton A to a spin state parallel to proton X is slightly different from the energy required for it to become anti-parallel to spin X. Consequently, there are two possible excitation frequencies for A (A1 and A2), depending on the spin state of X, and vice versa. The mutual nature of coupling implies that the difference between frequencies A1 and A2, indicated...
5.2K

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Fabrication and Characterization of Superconducting Resonators
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Full analysis on coupling strengths between split ring resonators for double negative microwave tight-binding models.

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    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study quantifies the coupling between split-ring resonators (SRRs) and complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs). The findings enable precise microwave structure design and exploration of novel photonic band structures.

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    Area of Science:

    • Electromagnetics and Photonics
    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Microwave Engineering

    Background:

    • Split-ring resonators (SRRs) are known for tuning coupling strengths in hopping models.
    • Understanding resonator interactions is crucial for designing advanced electromagnetic structures.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To provide a quantitative description of SRR-CSRR coupling for all orientations.
    • To develop an efficient method for microwave structure design.
    • To explain SRR chain band structures using a microwave-hopping model.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a coupling strength estimation using periodic functions and orientation angles.
    • Employed a sinusoidal expansion up to the 3rd order.
    • Utilized a microwave-hopping model to analyze band structures.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a comprehensive quantitative description of SRR-CSRR interactions.
    • Demonstrated an efficient method for microwave structure design.
    • Provided a satisfactory explanation for the band structure of SRR chains.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed method facilitates the design of microwave structures with tunable coupling.
    • Enables the exploration of exotic photonic band structures via tight-binding theory.
    • Offers a robust framework for understanding coupled resonator systems.