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Technical Note: Validation of Recon-3D, iPhone LiDAR for bullet trajectory documentation.

Cassandra E Chase1, Eugene Liscio2

  • 1Forensic Science Department, Trent University, 1600 W Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9L 0G2, Canada.

Forensic Science International
|July 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Recon-3D, a mobile app using LiDAR, shows promising accuracy for documenting bullet trajectories in forensic reconstructions. Its performance is comparable to traditional terrestrial laser scanners, making it a viable tool for crime scene analysis.

Keywords:
3D laser scanningBullet trajectory documentationFAROLiDARRecon-3DShooting reconstruction

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Photogrammetry
  • 3D Scanning Technology

Background:

  • Traditional methods for bullet trajectory documentation, like protractors, are common but can be variable.
  • Advanced techniques such as terrestrial laser scanners (TLS) and photogrammetry offer improved accuracy.
  • The integration of Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensors in mobile devices presents new opportunities for low-cost 3D data acquisition.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the accuracy, repeatability, and quality of 3D data generated by the Recon-3D mobile application.
  • To compare the performance of Recon-3D against a high-end Faro Focus S350 terrestrial laser scanner for bullet trajectory documentation.

Main Methods:

  • Recon-3D utilizes a mobile device's LiDAR sensor and photogrammetry to create 3D point cloud data in the e57 format.
  • Controlled indoor tests involved scanning twelve trajectory rods on a wooden panel to optimize settings.
  • Practical outdoor tests were conducted using a vehicle with five trajectory rods to assess real-world performance.

Main Results:

  • Indoor tests yielded mean horizontal angle errors of 0.14° (SD 0.30°) and vertical angle errors of -0.05° (SD 0.25°).
  • Outdoor tests showed mean horizontal angle errors of 0.03° (SD 0.28°) and vertical angle errors of 0.22° (SD 0.36°).
  • Observed errors are comparable to those reported in studies using professional terrestrial laser scanners, well below 1°.

Conclusions:

  • The Recon-3D application demonstrates promising accuracy and repeatability for documenting trajectory rods in shooting reconstructions.
  • Preliminary results suggest Recon-3D is a viable, low-cost alternative to traditional terrestrial laser scanners for forensic applications.
  • Further development is recommended to enhance the robustness of the Recon-3D application for broader forensic use.