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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Diabetic complications and prospective immunotherapy.

Lewis Reynolds1, Zhengkang Luo1, Kailash Singh1

  • 1Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.

Frontiers in Immunology
|July 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Global increases in Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and hyperglycemia cause complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. This review explores inflammation

Keywords:
diabetes complicationsdiabetes mellitusimmunotherapyinflammationregulatory B (Breg) cellsregulatory T (Treg) cellstype 1 diabetes (T1D)type 2 diabetes (T2D)

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Immunology
  • Pathophysiology

Background:

  • The global incidence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is rising, leading to long-term hyperglycemia.
  • Chronic hyperglycemia activates alternative glucose metabolic pathways, producing harmful by-products like reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end products (AGEs).
  • Inflammation is increasingly recognized as a key driver in the progression of diabetic complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenesis of three major diabetic complications: retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.
  • To examine current treatment strategies for these complications.
  • To explore potential future therapeutic avenues, particularly immunotherapy, focusing on inflammation-related molecular targets.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent research papers.
  • Analysis of studies investigating immunotherapy in animal models of diabetic complications.
  • Synthesis of information on pathogenesis and current treatments.

Main Results:

  • Hyperglycemia-induced inflammation contributes significantly to diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy.
  • Current treatments for diabetic complications are discussed.
  • Immunotherapy strategies targeting inflammation show promise in preclinical models.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the inflammatory pathways in diabetic complications is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Future research should focus on immunotherapy and molecular targets involved in inflammation for prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.
  • Targeting inflammation offers a promising strategy for managing diabetic microvascular complications.