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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

52.5K
When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
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The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

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The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
8.5K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

5.5K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

40.7K
Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 22, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimizing EAS with Long Electrodes for Enhanced Cochlear Coverage and Hearing Preservation
03:49

Author Spotlight: Optimizing EAS with Long Electrodes for Enhanced Cochlear Coverage and Hearing Preservation

Published on: October 11, 2024

847

Cartilage Conduction Hearing Aids in Clinical Practice.

Tadashi Nishimura1, Hiroshi Hosoi2, Ryota Shimokura3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8522, Nara, Japan.

Audiology Research
|July 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Cartilage conduction (CC) hearing aids offer a viable solution for hearing loss, especially for individuals with aural atresia or canal stenosis. While effective in these cases, they are not typically the primary choice for patients with open ear canals.

Keywords:
amplificationaural atresiabone conductioncanal stenosiscartilage conductionchronic otitis mediaconductive hearing losshearing device

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Systematic Hearing Performance Evaluation Process for Adolescents with Cochlear Implantation at Early Ages

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Simple Surgical Induction of Conductive Hearing Loss with Verification Using Otoscope Visualization and Behavioral Clap Startle Response in Rat
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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

  • A novel hearing aid technology utilizing cartilage conduction (CC) has been available in Japan since 2017.
  • CC hearing aids transmit sound via vibrations to the auditory system through the skull's cartilage.
  • This technology was developed to address hearing loss in patients with conditions precluding traditional air conduction devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and clinical utility of cartilage conduction hearing aids.
  • To assess the suitability of CC hearing aids for different types of hearing loss and ear canal conditions.
  • To review published studies on the performance of CC hearing aids in clinical practice.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical studies and published literature on cartilage conduction hearing aids.
  • Analysis of patient populations, focusing on those with canal stenosis, aural atresia, and open ear canals.
  • Assessment of hearing aid purchase rates and treatment outcomes in various patient groups.

Main Results:

  • CC hearing aids demonstrate significant benefits for patients with aural atresia and canal stenosis, leading to high adoption rates.
  • Studies show positive outcomes for CC hearing aids in patients with continuous otorrhea, even with open ear canals.
  • Results for patients with typical canal-open ears were generally poor, indicating limited effectiveness in this demographic.

Conclusions:

  • Cartilage conduction hearing aids are a valuable option for managing hearing loss in patients with bilateral or unilateral canal stenosis or aural atresia.
  • These devices are not currently recommended as a first-line treatment for individuals with canal-open ears.
  • Further research may be needed to explore potential applications of CC technology in broader patient populations.