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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Evaluation of Polymeric Gene Delivery Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and High-throughput Flow Cytometry
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3D Macrocyclic Structure Boosted Gene Delivery: Multi-Cyclic Poly(β-Amino Ester)s from Step Growth Polymerization.

Yinghao Li1,2, Xianqing Wang2, Zhonglei He1,2

  • 1Research and Clinical Translation Center of Gene Medicine and Tissue Engineering, School of Public Health, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|July 25, 2023
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Summary

Novel multi-cyclic poly(β-amino ester)s (CPAEs) were synthesized. Macrocyclic CPAEs (MCPAEs) significantly enhanced gene delivery and CRISPR plasmid delivery for gene editing therapy.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Polymer topology significantly impacts gene delivery efficiency.
  • Novel polymeric structures are needed as gene delivery vectors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Synthesize and characterize novel multi-cyclic poly(β-amino ester)s (CPAEs).
  • Investigate the effect of polymer topology on gene delivery efficiency.
  • Evaluate MCPAE vector performance for CRISPR-mediated gene editing.

Main Methods:

  • Step-growth polymerization for CPAE synthesis.
  • Control of cyclization to obtain different ring topologies.
  • In vitro transfection assays to measure transgene expression.
  • Delivery of CRISPR plasmid for gene editing.

Main Results:

  • Successfully synthesized three types of CPAEs with varying ring sizes and topologies.
  • CPAEs with macro rings (MCPAEs) showed significantly enhanced transgene expression compared to branched polymers.
  • Optimized MCPAE vector efficiently delivered CRISPR plasmid for gene editing therapy.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-cyclic polymer topology, particularly macrocyclic structures, can enhance gene delivery.
  • MCPAEs represent a promising class of vectors for gene therapy applications.
  • MCPAE vector demonstrated efficacy in delivering CRISPR components for gene editing.