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Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such...

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Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

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Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...

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Pneumonia poses the potential for numerous complications that warrant consideration. These complications include the following:

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

A Neonatal Imaging Model of Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis

Published on: August 12, 2020

Overwhelming orbital cellulitis in a neonate.

Venu Kulkarni¹, Venkataseshan Sundaram², Tadepalli Haripriya Sameeksha³

¹Paediatrics, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, Chandigarh, India.

BMJ Case Reports

|July 25, 2023

Summary

Neonatal bacterial infections can cause severe ophthalmic issues like orbital cellulitis, potentially leading to brain abscesses. Prompt medical and surgical intervention is crucial for successful management and preventing complications.

Keywords:

Infectious diseases Meningitis Neonatal and paediatric intensive care Ophthalmology

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Last Updated: Jul 21, 2025

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Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain

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Neonatal Pial Surface Electroporation

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Published on: May 7, 2014

Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Neonatology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Neonatal bacterial infections present unique challenges due to immature immune systems.
Orbital cellulitis in neonates is rare but can have severe consequences.

Observation:

A neonate presented with rapidly progressing ophthalmic symptoms indicative of orbital cellulitis.
The neonate also exhibited extensive intracranial involvement, including a temporal lobe abscess.

Findings:

Hematogenous spread was suspected as the cause due to the absence of local injury.
Blood and pus cultures identified *Staphylococcus aureus* as the causative agent.
Successful management required a combination of systemic antibiotics and surgical interventions.

Implications:

Orbital infections in neonates are critical and can lead to devastating intracranial complications.
Early and aggressive medical and surgical management upon hospital admission is essential.
This case highlights the importance of vigilant monitoring and prompt treatment of neonatal orbital infections.