Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin01:26

Directly Acting Muscle Relaxants: Dantrolene and Botulinum Toxin

705
Directly acting muscle relaxants like dantrolene and botulinum toxin (BoNT) have distinct mechanisms and applications. Dantrolene, a hydantoin derivative, acts on the ryanodine receptor (RYR1) in skeletal muscle cells. RYR1 are calcium channels present at the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. In response to excitation, they release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol. Calcium promotes actin-myosin-mediated contraction of muscles.
The binding of dantrolene to the RYR1...
705
Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions01:30

Indirect-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Pharmacological Actions

716
Indirect-acting cholinergic agonists, also known as anticholinesterases, exert their pharmacological effects by enhancing cholinergic transmission in various body parts, including the neuromuscular junction, autonomic cholinergic synapses, and the brain.
At the neuromuscular junction, these agents work by inhibiting the breakdown of acetylcholine, allowing it to remain bound to the receptor and bind to nearby receptors. This process leads to repetitive firing of the endplate, causing muscle...
716
Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses01:31

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

515
Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...
515
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:11

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

791
Direct-acting cholinergic agonists have many therapeutic uses in various medical fields. Choline esters, including acetylcholine, have limited clinical utility due to their non-selectivity and short duration of action. Still, acetylcholine and carbachol are applied topically during ophthalmologic surgery to induce miosis. Pilocarpine, a muscarinic and ganglionic stimulator, effectively treats open-angle glaucoma and alleviates xerostomia and dry mouth caused by radiotherapy or Sjögren...
791
Accessory Structures of the Eye01:17

Accessory Structures of the Eye

1.6K
Optical perception, or vision, is an extraordinary sense dependent on converting light signals received via the ocular organs. These organs, known as eyes, are securely positioned within the bony cavities of the skull, called orbits. The orbits serve a dual purpose: a protective shield for the ocular globes and a stable attachment point for the soft ocular tissues. The eye's external protective mechanisms include the eyelids, which are edged with lashes that act as a barrier against foreign...
1.6K
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

1.6K
Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which...
1.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Intranodal Hemangioma as a Differential Diagnosis of Melanoma Metastasis: A Case Report of a Rare Entity.

Acta dermatovenerologica Croatica : ADC·2026
Same author

Cytokine Profiling in Cutaneous Melanoma: The Emerging Role of Interleukins in Prognostic Stratification with an Up-to-Date Overview of Published Data.

Journal of personalized medicine·2026
Same author

Adjuvant Immunotherapy in Stage IIB/IIC Melanoma: Current Evidence and Future Directions.

Biomedicines·2025
Same author

Therapeutic Opportunities in Melanoma Through PRAME Expression.

Biomedicines·2025
Same author

Potential Role of <i>Malassezia restricta</i> in Pterygium Development.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025
Same author

COCAINE-INDUCED MIDLINE DESTRUCTIVE LESIONS.

Acta clinica Croatica·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

23.1K

THE EFFECT OF BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL BLEPHAROSPASM.

Klara Gaćina1, Mladen Lešin2,3, Dean Sarajčev2

  • 1Primary Care Medical Practice Mladen Prlina, Zagreb, Croatia.

Acta Clinica Croatica
|July 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Botulinum toxin type A significantly improves quality of life for essential blepharospasm patients. It effectively reduces symptom severity and frequency, enhancing patient well-being.

Keywords:
Blepharospasm Disability IndexJankovic Rating Scaledystoniaessential blepharospasmnotulinum toxin type A

More Related Videos

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

16.0K
A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
10:30

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators

Published on: December 27, 2013

5.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea
07:05

Ultrasound-guided Botulinum Toxin-A Injections: A Method of Treating Sialorrhea

Published on: November 9, 2016

23.1K
Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays
12:25

Isolation and Quantification of Botulinum Neurotoxin From Complex Matrices Using the BoTest Matrix Assays

Published on: March 3, 2014

16.0K
A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators
10:30

A High-throughput-compatible FRET-based Platform for Identification and Characterization of Botulinum Neurotoxin Light Chain Modulators

Published on: December 27, 2013

5.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Essential blepharospasm is a neurological disorder causing involuntary eyelid closure.
  • Current treatments aim to alleviate symptoms and improve quality of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in treating essential blepharospasm.
  • To assess the impact of botulinum toxin type A on patients' quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • A study involving 12 patients with essential blepharospasm.
  • Patients received botulinum toxin type A injections.
  • Quality of life was assessed using the Blepharospasm Disability Index (BSDI) pre- and post-treatment.
  • Symptom severity and frequency were measured using the Jankovic Rating Scale.

Main Results:

  • Botulinum toxin type A significantly improved patients' quality of life (p = 0.003).
  • A statistically significant reduction in symptom severity was observed (p = 0.003).
  • The frequency of essential blepharospasm symptoms was significantly decreased (p = 0.012).

Conclusions:

  • Botulinum toxin type A is an effective treatment for essential blepharospasm.
  • Treatment leads to significant improvements in quality of life, symptom severity, and frequency.