Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 21, 2025
Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
Published on: April 23, 2014
Assessing everyday functional activity in cognitively impaired people with multiple sclerosis: The use of Actual
Yael Goverover1, Amber Salter2, John DeLuca3
1Department of Occupational Therapy, New York University, New York, NY, USA/Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA.
Background:
There is considerable evidence that persons with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) who experience cognitive impairments (CIs) are at risk of having significant limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs). However, ADL assessment often consists of proxies or self-report of ADLs. This study examined whether the performance of instrumental ADLs (I-ADL) is impaired in PwMS with and without CI.
Methods:
Participants included 72 PwMS and 48 matched healthy controls (HCs). PwMS were divided into MS-CI (n = 25) and MS-not-impaired (n = 47) groups based on the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) scores. All participants performed the Actual RealityTM (AR) test, measuring I-ADL using authentic websites.
Results:
The MS-CI performed significantly worse on AR compared with HC and MS-not-impaired. In addition, the MS-not-impaired performed significantly worse than HC on AR. AR differentiates well between PwMS with and without CI.
Conclusions:
While CI in MS results in significant limitations in the performance of I-ADL, PwMS who do not show evidence of CI can have limitations in I-ADL. AR assessment is a valid and reliable tool sensitive to CI. It should be used in addition to traditional cognitive assessments to detect early functional deterioration through the course of MS.
