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Updated: Jul 21, 2025

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Vigilance Decrement During On-Road Partially Automated Driving Across Four Systems.

Francesco N Biondi1,2, Amy S McDonnell2, Mobina Mahmoodzadeh1

  • 1Human Systems Lab, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada.

Human Factors
|July 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Driver vigilance decreases more when using partially automated driving systems compared to manual driving. Performance varied across different vehicles, with the Volvo showing the slowest response times.

Keywords:
CadillacNissanSAE level-2TeslaVolvoattentionautomated drivingdetection performancedetection taskdriver behaviorhuman factorslevels of automationreaction timesresponse taskresponse timesroad safetysustained attentionvehicle automationvigilanceworkload

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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Automotive Engineering
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Temporal declines in driver vigilance are known for manual and fully automated driving.
  • The effectiveness of vigilance measurement during on-road partially automated driving remains unproven.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure changes in driver vigilance using a detection task across four different partially automated systems.
  • To investigate the impact of partially automated systems on driver vigilance over time.

Main Methods:

  • Participants operated four vehicles (Tesla Model 3, Cadillac CT6, Volvo XC90, Nissan Rogue) with Level-2 systems.
  • A detection task was administered over eight time periods in both manual and partially automated modes.
  • Response times were analyzed using Bayesian methods.

Main Results:

  • A significant decline in detection task performance over time was observed, which was more pronounced during partially automated driving.
  • Performance varied across vehicles, with a significant time period x vehicle interaction.
  • The Volvo XC90 exhibited the slowest response times.

Conclusions:

  • Operating Level-2 systems leads to a greater vigilance decrement compared to manual driving.
  • Differences in vigilance decrement across vehicles may be due to unique in-vehicle interface designs.
  • Findings are relevant for Human Factors practitioners and regulators evaluating automated driving systems.