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The shoulder joint complex in the throwing motion.

W Ben Kibler1, Aaron D Sciascia2, W Jeff Grantham1

  • 1Shoulder Center of Kentucky, Lexington Clinic, Lexington, KY, USA.

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|July 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Overhead athletes rely on scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) for effective throwing. Alterations, known as scapular dyskinesis, impair shoulder function and increase injury risk, necessitating comprehensive clinical evaluation.

Keywords:
Shoulderexaminationmechanicsoverhead athletescapulascapulohumeral rhythm

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • The shoulder joint complex in overhead athletes facilitates force transfer and protects against high-velocity, high-load motions.
  • Scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR), the coupled movement of the scapula, clavicle, and humerus, is crucial for effective overhead function.
  • Deviations in SHR can compromise shoulder function and elevate injury risk in throwing athletes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biomechanical coupling of the shoulder complex during overhead throwing.
  • To define scapular dyskinesis as an impairment of claviscapular mobility and its impact on SHR.
  • To outline a systematic clinical evaluation for identifying deficits in overhead throwing athletes.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of the 4 phases of clavicular, scapular, and claviscapular motion coupled with arm elevation and humeral motion.
  • Identification of scapular dyskinesis, characterized by scapular protraction and glenoid antetilt.
  • Review of factors influencing overhead throwing task effectiveness, including humeral motion parameters and joint stability.

Main Results:

  • Alterations in SHR, termed scapular dyskinesis, are associated with scapular protraction, glenoid antetilt, altered humeral rotation, and posterior humeral head translation.
  • This can lead to internal impingement and reduced concavity-compression, compromising shoulder joint stability.
  • Glenoid labrum injuries are common deficits affecting concavity-compression and stability.

Conclusions:

  • Scapular dyskinesis is a key impairment affecting SHR and increasing injury risk in overhead athletes.
  • Comprehensive clinical evaluation, addressing proximal and distal factors, is essential for diagnosing and treating these deficits.
  • Intervention protocols should target identified pathoanatomic, pathophysiological, and pathomechanical issues to restore function.