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Related Concept Videos

Testosterone: Functions and Regulation01:26

Testosterone: Functions and Regulation

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The intricate hormonal interplay essential for male reproductive health begins with the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus. This hormone prompts the pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). LH targets the Leydig cells in the testes, stimulating them to produce and release testosterone. In concert with testosterone, FSH acts on the Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules to facilitate the release of...
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Disorders of the Male Reproductive System01:20

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Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
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Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making
11:51

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

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Men, testosterone and Covid-19.

Kristina Groti Antonic1,2, Blaz Antonic3, Monica Caliber4

  • 1Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Clinical Endocrinology
|July 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lower testosterone levels in men with COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019) do not worsen outcomes. Instead, low testosterone is a result of the illness, and pre-existing hypogonadism is a risk factor for hospitalization.

Keywords:
Covid-19SARS-CoV-2hypogonadismtestestestosterone

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Men experience more severe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and higher mortality rates than women.
  • Initial theories suggested testosterone promoted SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity, but clinical data is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of androgens in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity.
  • To examine the impact of COVID-19 on male reproductive health and testosterone levels.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical studies on testosterone levels during acute COVID-19.
  • Analysis of clinical trials investigating androgen-modulating therapies for COVID-19.
  • Examination of preclinical and mechanistic studies on androgens and SARS-CoV-2.
  • Review of literature on long-term effects of COVID-19 on male reproductive health.

Main Results:

  • Serum testosterone concentrations in men with COVID-19 are inversely proportional to inflammatory cytokines and illness severity.
  • Lower testosterone levels appear to be a consequence of acute illness affecting the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis.
  • Clinical trials blocking androgen signaling did not improve COVID-19 outcomes.
  • Pre-existing male hypogonadism is a risk factor for COVID-19 hospitalization.

Conclusions:

  • Testosterone levels do not drive severe COVID-19 outcomes in men; low levels are likely a result of the illness.
  • COVID-19 can infiltrate the testes, potentially causing orchitis, but its long-term impact on male hypogonadism incidence remains unclear.