Characteristics of Electrocardiogram Findings in Fulminant Myocarditis

Fulminant myocarditis (FM) is an acute and severe form of myocarditis with rapid progression and poor clinical outcomes in the absence of acute or chronic coronary artery disease. Electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities can provide preliminary clues for diagnosis; however, there is a lack of systemic descriptions on ECG changes in FM populations. Thus, a retrospective analysis of 150 consecutive FM patients and 300 healthy controls was performed to determine the characteristic ECG findings in FM. All patients included had markedly abnormal ECG findings. Specifically, 83 (55.33%) patients had significantly lower voltage with remarkably decreased QRS amplitudes in all leads compared with healthy controls (p < 0.01), and 77 (51.33%) patients had a variety of arrhythmias with lethality ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation in 21 (14.00%) patients and third-degree atrioventricular block in 21 (14.00%) patients, whereas sinus tachycardia was only found in 43 (28.67%) patients with the median heart rate (HR; 88.00 bpm, IQR: 76.00-113.50) higher than that of controls (73.00 bpm, IQR: 68.00-80.00) (p = 0.000). Conduction and repolarization abnormalities were common in patients. A longer QTc interval (452.00 ms, IQR: 419.00-489.50) and QRS duration (94.00 ms, IQR: 84.00-119.00) were observed in patients compared to controls (QTc interval = 399.00 ms, IQR: 386.00-414.00; QRS duration = 90.00 ms, IQR: 86.00-98.00) (p < 0.05). Additionally, HR > 86.50 bpm, QTc > 431.50 ms, and RV5 + SV1 < 1.715 mV can be used to predict FM. Thus, marked and severe ECG abnormalities provide preliminary clues for the diagnosis of FM.