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Learners can improve their understanding of practice testing benefits through direct instruction or by experiencing the testing effect themselves. Both methods enhance metacognitive judgments about learning strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Learning Sciences

Background:

  • Practice testing is a superior learning strategy for long-term retention compared to passive restudying, a phenomenon known as the testing effect.
  • Learners often underestimate the benefits of practice testing, potentially limiting its use in self-regulated learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if metacognitive judgments about the testing effect can be improved through direct instruction, personal test experience, or a combination of both.
  • To determine the effectiveness of different methods in helping learners appreciate the memorial benefits of practice testing over restudying.

Main Methods:

  • Participants engaged in two learning cycles involving word pair memorization.
  • In the first cycle, participants were assigned to either experience the testing effect, receive direct instruction, or both.
  • Metacognitive judgments of memory performance for practice testing versus restudying were assessed across both cycles.

Main Results:

  • Both direct instruction and experiencing the testing effect independently improved the accuracy of learners' memory performance estimates.
  • Combining direct instruction with test experience also led to more accurate metacognitive judgments.
  • No single method (test experience, instruction, or combination) proved significantly more effective than the others.

Conclusions:

  • Learners can gain a better understanding of the memorial benefits of practice testing.
  • Experiencing the testing effect firsthand and receiving direct instruction are effective ways to improve learners' metacognitive judgments about learning strategies.
  • Both experiential and instructional approaches contribute to a more accurate appreciation of practice testing's efficacy.