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Related Concept Videos

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?02:05

Gene Evolution - Fast or Slow?

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The genomes of eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of sequence which do not code for proteins or RNAs. Although some of these regions do contain crucial regulatory sequences, the vast majority of this DNA serves no known function. Typically, these regions of the genome are the ones in which the fastest change, in evolutionary terms, is observed, because there is typically little to no selection pressure acting on these regions to preserve their sequences.
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Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium can alter the genetic variation of a given population. Conditions that change the genetic variability of a population include mutations, natural selection, non-random mating, gene flow, and genetic drift (small population size).
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Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.
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Genetic Variation01:25

Genetic Variation

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Genetic variation is the diversity in DNA sequences found among individuals of the same species. This diversity is crucial for a species' survival because it helps organisms adapt to environmental changes. Genetic variation begins with fertilization, where an egg and sperm cell merge. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, up to 46 in the fertilized egg. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, the basic units of heredity.
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The first human genome sequencing project cost $2.7 billion and was declared complete in 2003, after 15 years of international cooperation and collaboration between several research teams and funding agencies. Today, with the advent of next-generation sequencing technologies, the cost and time of sequencing a human genome have dropped over 100 fold.
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Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Determining the Likelihood of Variant Pathogenicity Using Amino Acid-level Signal-to-Noise Analysis of Genetic Variation
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Predicting evolutionary outcomes through the probability of accessing sequence variants.

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  • 1MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.

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Understanding genetic variation helps predict evolution. Variant accessibility, the probability of genotypes arising, shapes evolutionary paths, influencing adaptations in systems like viruses and tumors.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genetics
  • Virology

Background:

  • Natural selection requires existing genetic variation.
  • Predicting evolutionary trajectories necessitates understanding variant accessibility.
  • The genetic code and mutation biases influence which variants can arise.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define and explore "variant accessibility" as a predictor of evolutionary outcomes.
  • To introduce the concept of a genotype-accessibility landscape.
  • To demonstrate the utility of variant accessibility using the influenza A virus model.

Main Methods:

  • Defining variant accessibility based on mutation probabilities and genetic code structure.
  • Analyzing genotype space accessible from a starting sequence.
  • Comparing accessible variants with fitness landscapes.

Main Results:

  • Variant accessibility is shaped by nucleotide mutational biases and genetic code structure.
  • A more accessible, though less fit, variant can emerge as an adaptation.
  • A genotype-accessibility landscape complements the genotype-fitness landscape.

Conclusions:

  • Variant accessibility provides a framework for predicting adaptive genotype emergence.
  • This approach is applicable to evolving systems like viruses and tumors.
  • Understanding variant accessibility enhances predictions of evolutionary trajectories.