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Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering.

Harish Chinnasami1, Mohan Kumar Dey1, Ram Devireddy1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.

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|July 29, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Tissue-engineered bone grafts offer a promising alternative to traditional methods for skeletal defects. This review explores scaffold materials and fabrication techniques for cryo-preserved grafts, addressing current challenges and future directions.

Keywords:
3D bioprintingallograftautograftbone graftscalcium phosphatescompressive strength/modulusfreezinghuman mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)mechanical propertiesosteoblastsporosityregulatory issuestissue engineeringxenograft

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Current treatments for major skeletal defects, including autografts, face limitations like donor site morbidity and limited availability.
  • Tissue-engineered bone grafts, combining scaffolds with cells, present a potential solution to overcome these limitations.
  • Existing bone graft materials include ceramics and synthetic polymers, each with specific properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review materials and fabrication methods for cryo-preservable tissue-engineered bone graft scaffolds.
  • To summarize osteochondrogenic models and scaffold mechanical requirements for in vivo applications.
  • To assess the impact of cryopreservation on scaffold integrity and discuss regulatory aspects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of traditional scaffold fabrication techniques: solvent-casting, gas-foaming, electrospinning, and thermally induced phase separation.
  • Exploration of advanced fabrication methods: fused deposition molding, stereolithography, selective laser sintering, 3D printing, and bioprinting.
  • Analysis of cryopreservation effects on poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds fabricated via thermally induced phase separation.

Main Results:

  • Various scaffold materials and fabrication techniques are available for tissue-engineered bone grafts.
  • Cryopreservation can impact the structural and mechanical integrity of PLLA scaffolds.
  • Specific mechanical properties are crucial for successful in vivo application of engineered bone grafts.

Conclusions:

  • Tissue-engineered bone grafts hold significant potential for treating large skeletal defects.
  • Understanding material properties and fabrication methods is key to developing effective cryo-preservable scaffolds.
  • Further research is needed to optimize cryopreservation protocols and meet regulatory requirements for clinical translation.