Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Development of the Limb Synovial Joints

Joints form during embryonic development in conjunction with the formation and growth of the associated bones. The embryonic tissue that gives rise to all bones, cartilage, and connective tissues of the body is called mesenchyme.
The mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into chondrocytes that form the hyaline cartilage, and later the cartilaginous model of the bone. This model further transforms into a bone. This process is known as endochondral ossification.
During development, the limbs...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Kyphotic Scapular Posture Increases Posterior Deltoid Demand and Acromial-Spine Strain During Shoulder Motion: A Cadaver Study.

Clinical orthopaedics and related research·2026

Same author

Similar performance with electrochemically deposited hydroxyapatite coating versus plasma porous spray in press-fit acetabular components for primary total hip arthroplasty: a randomised controlled study of early outcomes with DEXA.

Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy·2026

Same author

Study protocol for a pilot randomized crossover trial: Comparing the clinical utility, feasibility, and patient outcomes of remote 3D-printed orthosis fabrication using an innovative heat-reshapable PCL.

Hand therapy·2026

Same author

Exploring patient interpretation of an orthosis adherence checklist: A cognitive interview study.

PloS one·2026

Same author

A Person-Centred Approach to Explaining Diagnosis and Treatment in Surgeon-Patient Consultations.

Health communication·2026

Same author

Double compression technique for first MTP joint fusion: A cadaveric analysis of valgus plate fixation.

Journal of orthopaedic surgery (Hong Kong)·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Development of a Cadaveric Shoulder Motion Simulator with Open-Loop Iterative Learning for Dynamic, Multiplanar

David Timothy Axford^1,2, Robert Potra^2,3, Richard Appleyard²

¹Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|July 29, 2023

Summary

This study developed a novel shoulder simulator capable of complex multiplanar motion and muscle deactivation. The advanced simulator accurately replicates functional shoulder movements for biomechanical research.

Keywords:

active motion simulation biomechanics ex vivo in vitro reverse total shoulder arthroplasty shoulder

More Related Videos

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Published on: August 15, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 21, 2025

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Measuring 3D In-vivo Shoulder Kinematics using Biplanar Videoradiography

Published on: March 12, 2021

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Subject-specific Musculoskeletal Model for Studying Bone Strain During Dynamic Motion

Published on: April 11, 2018

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Robotic Mirror Therapy System for Functional Recovery of Hemiplegic Arms

Published on: August 15, 2016

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Orthopedic Surgery
Robotics

Background:

Existing ex vivo shoulder motion simulators are limited to planar motions and quasi-static speeds.
Current control architectures do not permit muscle deactivation, hindering realistic biomechanical studies.
Simulating functional shoulder movements requires advanced capabilities for multiplanar motion and independent muscle control.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop an open-loop tendon excursion controller with iterative learning and independent muscle control.
To enable simulation of complex multiplanar shoulder motion at functional speeds.
To allow for muscle deactivation during ex vivo shoulder simulation.

Main Methods:

Development of a novel open-loop tendon excursion controller.
Implementation of iterative learning and independent muscle control.
Testing on a cadaveric shoulder with a reverse total shoulder prosthesis, performing abduction/adduction and faceted circumduction.
Assessment of kinematic tracking accuracy and repeatability using MAE, RMSE, and ASD.

Main Results:

The simulator achieved high accuracy and repeatability in kinematic tracking for abduction/adduction and faceted circumduction.
RMSE for elevation, plane of elevation, and axial rotation did not exceed 0.3, 0.7, and 0.8 degrees, respectively.
Subscapularis deactivation during abduction/adduction led to a loss of internal rotation at low elevation angles.

Conclusions:

A novel control architecture enables accurate simulation of complex glenohumeral motion.
The developed simulator provides a platform for studying shoulder biomechanics during functional movements.
This technology can advance research on shoulder pathology, treatment, and rehabilitation.