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Related Concept Videos

Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

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Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
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Introduction to the Skeletal System01:20

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The skeletal system is the central framework of the body, consisting of different connective tissues: bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
Components of the Skeletal System
Bone, or osseous tissue, is a hard connective tissue that forms an internal support structure for the human body. Bones shield vulnerable organs and soft tissue from external forces. For example, the vertebral bones protect and support the spinal cord.
Cartilage, a semi-rigid connective tissue found in regions such as...
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Gross Anatomy of Bone01:17

Gross Anatomy of Bone

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The two main features of a long bone are the diaphysis and the epiphysis.
The diaphysis is the tubular shaft that runs between the proximal and distal ends of the bone. The walls of the diaphysis are composed of dense and hard compact bone made of numerous osteons — the functional unit of the compact bone. The hollow region in the diaphysis is called the medullary cavity, which harbors the bone marrow. In infants and children, this marrow cavity is filled with red marrow, whereas in...
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Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones01:29

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Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...
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Overview of Hematopoiesis01:20

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Hematopoiesis, or blood cell production, is a vital biological process that begins early in embryonic development and continues throughout life. This process generates the various types of cells found in blood, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs).
Developmental Phases of Hematopoiesis
Initially, HSCs are formed in the embryonic yolk sac, a critical site for early blood cell production. These stem cells subsequently migrate to other...
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Compact Bone01:27

Compact Bone

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Most bones contain compact and spongy osseous tissue, but their distribution and concentration vary based on the bone's overall function.
Compact bone, also called cortical bone, is the denser, stronger of the two types of bone tissue. It is found under the periosteum and in the diaphyses of long bones, where it provides support and protection. The microscopic structural unit of compact bone is called an osteon, or haversian system. Each osteon is composed of concentric rings of calcified...
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Cantilever Bending of Murine Femoral Necks
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Gender-Specific Differences in Human Vertebral Bone Marrow Clot.

Francesca Salamanna1, Deyanira Contartese1, Veronica Borsari1

  • 1Complex Structure Surgical Sciences and Technologies, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|July 29, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Male vertebral bone marrow (vBMA) clots and derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show enhanced growth factor expression and osteogenic potential compared to females. Gender differences in vBMA clot cell therapy for spinal fusion require consideration.

Keywords:
boneclotgenderspinal fusionvertebral bone marrow

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Area of Science:

  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Stem Cell Biology

Background:

  • Vertebral bone marrow (vBMA) clots are a novel cell therapy for spinal fusion.
  • Previous studies confirmed vBMA clot benefits in aging, but gender influence is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare biological properties of vBMA clots and derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) between female and male patients.
  • To investigate gender-related differences in vBMA clot efficacy for spinal fusion.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of growth factors (GFs), morphology, viability, doubling time, marker expression, clonogenicity, differentiation, senescence, Klotho, and HOX/TALE gene profiles.
  • Comparison of vBMA clots and derived MSCs from male and female donors.

Main Results:

  • Male vBMA clots and MSCs exhibited higher GFs and greater osteogenic/chondrogenic potential than females.
  • Distinct HOX and TALE gene expression profiles were observed between genders.
  • Specific genes (HOXA1, HOXB8, HOXD9, HOXA11, PBX1) were upregulated in male-derived MSCs.

Conclusions:

  • vBMA clots are effective for spinal fusion, but gender-specific characteristics must be considered.
  • Understanding gender differences can optimize vBMA clot-based cell therapy strategies for clinical trials.