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Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

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Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
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Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

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Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
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Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...
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Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
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Glycans, a class of complex heterogeneous molecules, can be covalently attached to proteins to form glycosylated proteins that regulate various physiological and pathological processes. Glycosylated proteins or glycoproteins comprise N-linked and O-linked oligosaccharides. O-glycosylation is the most common type of protein glycosylation. Here, glycans attach to the oxygen atom of the hydroxyl groups of Serine or Threonine residues. O-linked glycosylation occurs later in protein processing,...
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Structural Modification and Biological Activity of Polysaccharides.

Ting Zhao1,2, Min Yang1,2, Lina Ma1,2

  • 1College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jilin Agriculture Science and Technology College, Jilin 132101, China.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 29, 2023
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Summary

Chemically modifying natural polysaccharides enhances their biological activities. This review covers methods like sulfation and acetylation, and their diverse applications, offering new research directions.

Keywords:
biological activitypolysaccharidestructural characterizationstructural modification

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Polymer Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Natural polysaccharides exhibit diverse biological activities.
  • Chemical modification can significantly enhance these inherent properties.
  • Understanding modification impacts is crucial for developing new therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the chemical modification of natural polysaccharides.
  • To highlight various modification techniques and their structural characterization.
  • To summarize the pharmacological activities of modified polysaccharides.

Main Methods:

  • Chemical modification techniques including sulfation, phosphorylation, carboxymethylation, socialization, methylation, and acetylation.
  • Structural and physical characterization using techniques like FT-IR, NMR, HPLC, GC-MS, and SEM.
  • In vitro pharmacological assays to evaluate biological functions.

Main Results:

  • Modified polysaccharides demonstrate enhanced antioxidant, antitumor, immune-regulatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticoagulant activities.
  • Specific chemical modifications lead to predictable changes in polysaccharide structure and function.
  • Characterization techniques confirm structural alterations post-modification.

Conclusions:

  • Chemical modification is a powerful strategy to improve the bioactivity of natural polysaccharides.
  • The reviewed methods and findings offer a foundation for future research and applications.
  • Further exploration of polysaccharide modification holds promise for novel drug development.