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Electronic Distance Measuring Instruments (EDMs) are essential tools in modern surveying, offering precise distance measurements by emitting electromagnetic signals and calculating the time required for these signals to travel to a target and return. Two primary types of signals are used in EDMs — light waves and microwaves — each suited to specific environmental and distance requirements. Light-wave-based EDMs utilize either infrared or laser light, providing high accuracy over short...
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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
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Amperometry is a technique commonly used to measure the concentration of specific analytes in a solution by monitoring the electric current generated during an electrochemical reaction. It involves applying a constant potential between a working electrode and a reference electrode to measure the resulting current, which is proportional to the concentration of the analyte. The Clark oxygen electrode operates based on this principle of amperometry. It consists of a cathode and an anode enclosed...
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Polarography is a classical voltammetric technique used to analyze electrochemical reactions. This method applies a linear potential sweep to a dropping mercury electrode (DME), and the resulting current is measured. A dropping mercury electrode is commonly used as the working electrode in polarography. It consists of a capillary tube filled with mercury, where the tiny droplet forms at the tip. This droplet continuously drops from the capillary, creating a new electrode surface for each...
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ETAM: Next Generation Event Timer for Picosecond-Precision Time and Amplitude Measurements.

Aleksandrs Kalinovskis1, Vsevolods Stepanovs1, Armands Ancans1

  • 1Institute of Electronics and Computer Science (EDI), Dzerbenes 14, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 29, 2023
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Summary

The new ETAM event timer offers picosecond resolution with improved thermal stability and amplitude measurement. This advanced device overcomes limitations of previous timers, enhancing performance for demanding applications.

Keywords:
amplitude measurementsevent timersprecise timing

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Area of Science:

  • Instrumentation and Measurement
  • Physics
  • Electrical Engineering

Background:

  • Traditional event timers offer high temporal resolution but suffer from environmental sensitivities.
  • Limitations include susceptibility to temperature fluctuations and inability to measure event amplitude.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce the ETAM (Event Timer with Adaptive Measurement), a next-generation event timer.
  • To address the drawbacks of existing timers by incorporating adaptive error correction and amplitude detection.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an event timer with an integrated temperature sensor for adaptive error correction.
  • Incorporated a peak-detector circuit for nanosecond pulse amplitude measurement.
  • Evaluated thermal stability and amplitude measurement accuracy across specified ranges.

Main Results:

  • The ETAM demonstrates high thermal stability with a root mean square error (RMSE) of <3 ps over a 0-40 °C range.
  • Achieved accurate event amplitude measurement with <2.3 mV RMSE for pulses between 100-1000 mV.
  • Validated performance in demanding field applications.

Conclusions:

  • The ETAM provides robust, high-performance event timing with temperature and amplitude correction.
  • Its enhanced capabilities make it suitable for satellite laser ranging and optical time-domain reflectometry.
  • Represents a significant advancement in field-deployable timing instrumentation.