Autonomic Regulation of Facial Temperature during Stress: A Cross-Mapping Analysis

Skin temperature reflects the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)'s response to emotions and mental states and can be remotely measured using InfraRed Thermography. Understanding the physiological mechanisms that affect facial temperature is essential to improve the precision of emotional inference from thermal imaging. To achieve this aim, we recorded thermal images from 30 volunteers, at rest and under acute stress induced by the Stroop test, together with two autonomic correlates, i.e., heart rate variability and electrodermal activity, the former serving as a measure of cardiovascular dynamics, and the latter of the activity of the sweat glands. We used a Cross Mapping (CM) approach to quantify the nonlinear coupling of the temperature from four facial regions with the ANS correlates. CM reveals that facial temperature has a statistically significant correlation with the two autonomic time series, under both conditions, which was not evident in the linear domain. In particular, compared to the other regions, the nose shows a significantly higher link to the electrodermal activity in both conditions, and to the heart rate variability under stress. Moreover, the cardiovascular activity seems to be primarily responsible for the well-known decrease in nose temperature, and its coupling with the thermal signals significantly varies with gender.